PMC

(A) Child stunting prevalence by wealth in exemplar countries. (B) Child stunting prevalence by maternal education in exemplar countries. (C) Child stunting prevalence by residence in exemplar countries. (D) Child stunting prevalence by child sex in exemplar countries.

Top left panel: Average predictions on the last training block for the participants classified as rule learners and participants classified as exemplar learners from the moderate training condition in Study 1b. Top right panel: Average predictions on the last training block for rule learners and for exemplar learners in the extended training condition. Second left panel: Repeat training point predictions for rule learners and for exemplar learners in the moderate training condition. Second right panel: Repeat training point predictions for rule learners and for exemplar learners in the extended training condition. Third left panel: Interpolation predictions averaged for rule learners and for exemplar learners in the moderate training condition. Third right panel: Interpolation predictions averaged for rule learners and for exemplar learners in the extended training condition. Bottom left panel: Extrapolation predictions averaged for rule learners and for exemplar learners in the moderate training condition. Bottom right panel: Extrapolation predictions averaged for rule learners and for exemplar learners in the extended training condition.

(a) Probability of a Category A response for each training stimulus (A1-A5, B1-B4) and transfer stimulus (T1-T7) observed from participants (gray), predicted by the exemplar model (green), and predicted by the prototype model (blue). (b) Latent model state (representational match) for each training stimulus (A1-A5, B1-B4) and transfer stimulus (T1-T7) predicted by the exemplar model (green) and prototype model (blue). (c) Correspondence (mutual information, MI) between patterns of brain activity revealed by multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and representational match predicted by the exemplar model (green) and prototype model (blue); higher MI means closer correspondence. (d) Mutual information (MI) between MVPA and model predictions (representational match) for individual participants; correspondence for thirteen participants was significantly better for the exemplar than the prototype model (green), for six there was no significant difference (black), and for only one participant it better for the prototype than the exemplar model (blue). Adapted with permission from [].

Schematic description of the experimental procedure. Apple juice (reward condition) or a beep (no-reward condition) was given to subjects in the retrieval-practice phase. Rp+, Rp−, and Nrp represent a practiced exemplar, an unpracticed exemplar under the same category as the practiced exemplar, and an unpracticed exemplar not under the same category as the practiced exemplar, respectively.